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Analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) is necessary because, while embedded systems deal with digital values, their surroundings typically involve many analog signals such as, temperature, speed, pressure, the output of a microphone, etc. They all need to be converted into digital data before being processed by the microcontroller. Today, we will see how to read an external analog signal using a PIC16F877a microcontroller, and display the conversion output (a digital number) on a LCD. The input analog signal will be a varying voltage between 0-5V derived using a potentiometer. Microcontrollers have 5 inputs for 28 pin devices and 8 inputs for 40/44 pin devices. It is a 10-bit ADC, ie the conversion of analog signal results in corresponding 10-bit digital number. The positive and negative reference voltage (+Vref and -Vref) of PIC ADC is software selectable, which can be VDD, VSS, voltage at RA2 or RA3. This A/D Converter module can also operate in sleep mode in which clock is...

A 500W PWM inverter circuit built around IC SG3524 is shown here. SG3524 is an integrated switching regulator circuit that has all essential circuitry required for making a switching regulator in single ended or push-pull mode. The built in circuitries inside the SG3524 include pulse width modulator, oscillator, voltage reference, error amplifier, overload protection circuit, output drivers etc. SG3524 forms the heart of this PWM inverter circuit which can correct its output voltage against the variations in the output load. In a non PWM inverter the change in output load directly affects the output voltage (when output load increases output voltage decreases and vice versa), but in a PWM inverter the output voltage remains constant over a range of output load. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF 500W PWM INVERTER. ABOUT THE CIRCUIT. Resistor R2 and capacitor C1 sets the frequency of the ICs internal oscillator. Preset R1 can be used for fine tuning of the oscillator frequency. Pi...

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